Diabetes, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders that cause high blood sugar levels. These diseases are divided into three main types:
1. Type 1 diabetes:
This type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Characteristics:
It is usually diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults.
Patients require daily insulin injections.
Cause:
The exact cause is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors (such as viruses) may play a role.
2. Type 2 diabetes:
This is the most common type of diabetes and is most common in adults and people who are overweight or inactive.
Characteristics:
The body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to insulin (insulin resistance).
It is usually controlled with lifestyle changes and medications.
Cause:
Genetic factors, unhealthy lifestyle, obesity and lack of physical activity.
3. Gestational diabetes:
This type of diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually disappears after delivery.
Characteristics:
Can increase the risk of complications for the mother and fetus.
Women with this type of diabetes are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.
Cause:
Hormonal changes that lead to a decrease in the effect of insulin.
Other types of diabetes:
Monogenic diabetes: Rare and caused by specific genetic changes.
Diabetes associated with other diseases: Such as pancreatic diseases or taking certain medications.
Common symptoms of diabetes:
Excessive thirst
Frequent urination
Fatigue
Unwanted weight loss (in type 1)
Blurred vision
Slow-healing wounds.
Prevention and management:
Healthy diet
Regular physical activity
Weight control
Seeing a doctor and getting regular checkups
Diabetes and Diet
One of the most important aspects of managing diabetes is eating a healthy diet. Eating a balanced diet can help control blood sugar and reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Nutritional principles for people with diabetes:
Control your carbohydrate intake:
Carbohydrates have the greatest impact on blood sugar.
Healthy sources of carbohydrates include whole grains, vegetables, low-sugar fruits, and legumes.
Avoid simple sugars such as sugar, soda, and cakes.
Intake of protein:
Protein does not directly raise blood sugar levels.
Good sources of protein include lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, low-fat dairy products, and legumes.
Healthy fats:
Consume unsaturated fats such as olive oil, sesame oil, and nuts.
Avoid saturated and trans fats, which increase the risk of heart disease.
Fiber:
Fiber helps slow the absorption of sugar and is effective in regulating blood sugar.
Sources of fiber include vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Portion control:
Overeating can cause sudden spikes in blood sugar.
It is better to eat smaller meals at regular intervals.
Drink plenty of fluids:
Water is the best choice.
Limit your intake of sugary or caffeinated beverages.
Diabetes and physical activity
Regular exercise plays an important role in managing diabetes:
Benefits:
Improves insulin sensitivity.
Loses weight and improves body composition.
Reduces stress and improves mental health.
Types of exercise:
Aerobic exercise: such as walking, cycling, and swimming.
Resistance exercise: such as weight lifting or yoga.
Important: You should consult your doctor before starting any exercise, especially if you have diabetes.
Diabetes and Stress Management
Stress can raise blood sugar, so managing it is important:
Deep breathing exercises.
Meditation or yoga.
Get enough, quality sleep.
Maintain social connections and consult a counselor if needed.
Additional tips:
Regular blood sugar testing:
Continuous monitoring helps you understand the impact of food, exercise, and medications on your blood sugar.
Education and awareness:
Learning about diabetes, its medications, and its complications can help you better control it.
Support:
Enjoy the support of family, friends, and support groups.
Living with diabetes:
Diabetes is not the end of life, but requires lasting lifestyle changes. With proper care and use of available resources, you can live a healthy and active life.
Complications of Diabetes
If diabetes is not controlled, it can lead to serious short-term and long-term complications. Some of these complications include:
Short-term complications:
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar):
Can occur due to taking too much insulin, not eating, or exercising too much.
Symptoms: Shaking, sweating, dizziness, confusion, and in severe cases, unconsciousness.
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar):
Caused by eating too many carbohydrates, not having enough insulin, or stress.
Symptoms: Excessive thirst, fatigue, frequent urination, and blurred vision.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (in type 1 diabetes):
Occurs when the body relies on fat for energy and ketones build up in the blood.
It is dangerous and requires immediate medical attention.
Long-term complications:
Cardiovascular complications:
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Arterial hardening (atherosclerosis).
Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy):
Can lead to kidney failure.
Eye damage (diabetic retinopathy):
May cause vision loss or even blindness.
Nerve damage (neuropathy):
Numbness, pain, or weakness in the limbs, especially the feet.
Skin problems:
Infections and wounds that are difficult to heal.
Amputation:
Because of infected wounds and blood flow problems, especially in the feet.
Prevent complications:
Control blood sugar: Through medication, diet, and exercise.
Regular checkups: To check the health of your kidneys, eyes, and heart.
Foot care: Prevent ulcers and infections.
Quit smoking: Smoking worsens diabetes complications.
New Diabetes Treatments:
In recent years, there have been significant advances in diabetes treatment, including:
Smart insulins: which automatically regulate blood sugar.
Insulin pumps: devices that continuously deliver insulin.
New oral medications: such as SGLT2 and GLP-1 inhibitors, which help lower blood sugar and maintain heart health.
Pancreas or islet cell transplantation: for type 1 diabetes patients.
Key points:
Living with diabetes requires awareness, education, and support.
A healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress management are key components of diabetes management.
If you have diabetes or are at risk, it is important to talk to your doctor and follow their advice.
Diabetes and Regular Medical Care
People with diabetes need regular medical care to maintain their overall health and prevent complications. The following are important in a diabetes care plan:
1. Periodic checkups:
HbA1c measurement:
This test shows the average blood sugar level over the past 2 to 3 months.
Goal: HbA1c below 7% (as recommended by your doctor).
Blood pressure check:
People with diabetes are at high risk of high blood pressure, which can lead to cardiovascular complications.
Goal: Less than 130/80 mmHg.
Cholesterol control:
High cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Goal: Lower LDL (“bad cholesterol”) and raise HDL (“good cholesterol”).
Kidney tests:
Check the level of protein in the urine (microalbuminuria test) to assess the health of the kidneys.
Eye health check:
Have an annual eye exam for early detection of diabetic retinopathy.
2. Vaccinations:
People with diabetes may be more susceptible to infections. The following vaccinations are recommended:
Flu vaccine (annually).
Pneumococcal vaccine (pneumonia).
COVID-19 vaccine.
3. Medication management:
Oral or injectable medications (such as insulin) are prescribed based on the type of diabetes and individual needs.
It is very important to pay attention to the timing of taking medications and follow your doctor’s instructions carefully.
4. Foot care:
Due to the risk of diabetic neuropathy, foot care is very vital.
Check your feet daily for wounds, blisters, or discoloration.
Use comfortable and well-fitting shoes.
See a doctor if you notice any abnormal symptoms.
Diabetes and new technologies
Technological advances in diabetes management have helped patients live more comfortable lives:
1. Advanced glucometers:
Blood sugar measuring devices that allow for quick and accurate monitoring.
2. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems:
These devices continuously measure blood sugar levels and send them to a phone or other device.
3. Insulin pump:
A device that continuously injects insulin into the body, reducing the need for frequent injections.
4. Mobile apps:
Apps to record blood sugar levels, physical activity, diet, and medication reminders.
Diabetes and psychological support
Living with diabetes can be challenging and psychologically stressful:
Acceptance of the disease: Accepting diabetes as a part of life is the first step in successfully managing it.
Psychological support: See a counselor or psychologist if you experience stress, depression, or anxiety.
Connecting with other patients: Participating in support groups can help share experiences and reduce feelings of loneliness.
Summary:
Diabetes is a manageable disease that can be prevented with awareness, lifestyle changes, and regular care. Although it may seem difficult to control at first, with the right education and support, you can live a healthy and productive life.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the two main types of diabetes, with key differences in their causes, symptoms, and management. Here are the differences:
1. Cause
Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin production.
Type 2 diabetes: In this type, the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. This type is more likely to be linked to lifestyle factors and genetics.
2. Age of onset
Type 1 diabetes: Usually diagnosed in children and young adults, but can occur at any age.
Type 2 diabetes: Most often seen in adults, especially those over 45, but is increasingly being seen in teenagers and young adults.
3. Symptoms
Type 1 diabetes: Symptoms are usually sudden and severe and include excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue.
Type 2 diabetes: Symptoms may be mild or absent and usually develop gradually.
4. Treatment and management
Type 1 diabetes: Requires insulin injections and close monitoring of blood sugar. There is no cure.
Type 2 diabetes: Can be managed with changes in diet, increased physical activity, and in some cases, medication or insulin.
5. Prevention
Type 1 diabetes: There is currently no way to prevent it.
Type 2 diabetes: Can be prevented with lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Summary
In general, type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ in their causes, age of onset, symptoms, and management. Understanding these differences is important for proper diagnosis and treatment.
6. Complications
Type 1 Diabetes:
Early complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which can be life-threatening.
Long-term complications: Includes damage to blood vessels, nerves, and organs such as the kidneys and eyes.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Early complications: Increased risk of high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
Long-term complications: Similar to type 1 diabetes, including heart problems, nerve damage, and kidney problems.
7. Diagnosis
Type 1 Diabetes:
Usually diagnosed by testing for high blood sugar, the presence of specific antibodies in the blood, and low insulin levels.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Diagnosed by blood sugar testing, glucose tolerance testing, and also checking hemoglobin A1c levels (average blood sugar over the past two to three months).
8. Management Strategies
Type 1 Diabetes:
Blood sugar control: Using blood sugar testing devices and continuously monitoring blood sugar.
Diet: Choose balanced, whole foods, and consider carbohydrate ratios.
Exercise: Regular physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity and weight control.
Type 2 diabetes:
Lifestyle changes: Lose weight, eat healthily, and increase physical activity.
Medication: May include oral medications or insulin.
Education: Educate the patient about managing blood sugar and recognizing the symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
9. Support and resources
Support groups: Joining local or online support groups can help people with diabetes share their experiences and learn from each other.
Medical advice: Regular visits to a doctor and dietitian are essential to monitor their health and update their treatment plan.
Conclusion
Understanding the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes helps people better manage these diseases. By considering the symptoms, treatments, and complications of each type, people can take steps to control their blood sugar and improve their quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can prevent serious complications.
The early symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are different, and knowing them can help with early diagnosis. Here are the early symptoms of both types of diabetes:
Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes
Excessive thirst: Feeling extremely thirsty and needing to drink frequently.
Excessive urination: Urinating more often, especially at night.
Unintentional weight loss: Unexplained weight loss, even despite eating a lot of food.
Fatigue: Feeling tired and generally weak.
Drowsiness: Feeling very sleepy and having trouble concentrating.
Fruity breath: A fruity odor may be present on a person’s breath, which is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Early symptoms of type 2 diabetes
Excessive thirst and urination: Similar to type 1 diabetes, but may be milder.
Fatigue: Feeling tired and generally weak.
Increased appetite: Feeling constantly hungry even after eating.
Weight loss: Weight loss may occur for no apparent reason.
Blurred vision: Vision problems, such as blurred vision.
Slow-healing bruises and sores: Wounds and bruises heal slowly.
Recurrent infections: Recurrent infections of the skin, bladder, or genital area.
Important points
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually appear suddenly and severely, while symptoms of type 2 diabetes appear gradually and may be milder.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor so that the necessary tests can be done and treatment can be started if necessary. Early diagnosis can prevent serious complications.