High blood sugar in children (hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis)
Hyperglycemia is an excessive increase in blood sugar and can occur in children with type 1 or 2 diabetes. In severe cases, uncontrolled hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a dangerous and life-threatening condition.
1. Causes of high blood sugar in children
There are several reasons why children can have high blood sugar, including:
. Not taking enough insulin or diabetes medications (missing doses or improperly adjusting them)
. Eating too many carbohydrates (sweet and starchy foods)
. Stress or infectious diseases (such as colds and flu)
. Decreased physical activity
Hormonal problems or diseases related to insulin resistance
. Drug side effects (some steroid drugs or corticosteroids)
2. Symptoms of hyperglycemia in children
Increased thirst and fluid intake
Frequent urination
Fatigue and weakness
Blurred vision
Headache
Decreased concentration and drowsiness
Note: If these symptoms persist and are not treated, they may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
3. What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a severe complication of uncontrolled diabetes in which the body uses fat for energy due to a lack of insulin.
This process causes the blood to produce ketones, which can become acidic, which can be very dangerous.
4. Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis in children
. More severe symptoms of hyperglycemia such as thirst and frequent urination
. Fruity smell on the breath (due to increased ketosis)
. Nausea and vomiting
. Abdominal pain
. Loss of appetite
. Rapid and deep breathing (gasping)
. Severe lethargy or confusion
. Decreased level of consciousness, which can lead to coma
Warning: Diabetic ketoacidosis is an emergency and if these symptoms are observed, the child should be taken to the hospital immediately.
5. Diagnosis and tests
. Blood sugar measurement with a glucometer (above 250 mg/dL indicates the risk of ketoacidosis)
. Ketone test in urine or blood (if positive, requires immediate investigation)
. Blood gas test to check the pH level and acidification of the blood
. Electrolyte measurement to assess the body’s fluid balance
6. Treatment of Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children
Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hyperglycemia
. Rapid-acting insulin injections as directed by your doctor
. Increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration
. Control carbohydrate intake and avoid high-sugar foods
. Increase moderate physical activity (if ketones are not present in the urine)
Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) – Emergency
In the hospital, treatment includes the following:
. Intravenous fluids (intravenous fluids) to replace dehydration
. Intravenous insulin injections to reduce blood sugar and ketones
. Correction of electrolyte abnormalities (such as potassium and sodium)
. Monitoring of vital signs and level of consciousness
Note: DKA treatment should be performed under the supervision of a doctor in the hospital.
7. Prevention of high blood sugar and diabetic ketoacidosis
. Regular blood sugar control at home using a glucometer
. Regular use of insulin or prescribed medications
. Balanced diet and avoiding excessive consumption of sweets and processed foods
. Checking ketones in the urine during illness or high blood sugar
. Adequate hydration of the body and preventing dehydration
. Consulting a doctor in cases of illness or changes in diet and medication
8. Conclusion
. Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in children can be caused by insulin imbalance, poor nutrition, illness or stress.
. If left untreated, it may develop into diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is an emergency condition and requires immediate medical attention.
. Regular blood sugar control, proper insulin use and adherence to a proper diet are the main ways of prevention.
. Parents should be aware of the dangerous symptoms of DKA and, if observed, see a doctor immediately.
9. Managing blood sugar in special situations
Infectious diseases and fever: When sick, the body needs more energy and blood sugar may increase.
In such cases, parents should regularly monitor the child’s blood sugar and increase fluid intake.
Physical activity and exercise: Exercise usually reduces blood sugar, but in some situations, such as intense or prolonged activity, it may cause blood sugar to increase.
Monitoring blood sugar before and after exercise is essential.
Stress and anxiety: Mental and physical stress can increase the body’s hormones and, as a result, increase blood sugar.
Teaching stress management techniques to children with diabetes can be helpful.
Hormonal changes: During puberty, due to hormonal changes, the need for insulin may change and there is a need to adjust the insulin dose under the supervision of a doctor.
10. The role of the family in controlling diabetes in children
Parent education: Parents should have sufficient information about diabetes, how to inject insulin, adjust the diet, and recognize the symptoms of high or low blood sugar.
Collaboration with the medical team: Regular communication with the endocrinologist and consultation about medication changes, diet, and physical activity levels are very important.
Psychological support for the child: Children with diabetes may be under psychological pressure.
Emotional support, encouragement to follow the principles of treatment, and creating a healthy lifestyle can help them better manage their diabetes.
11. Appropriate diet for children with diabetes
Consume regular meals by controlling the amount of carbohydrates and sugars
Consume fibrous foods such as vegetables, unsweetened fruits, whole grains, and legumes
Avoid sugary drinks and industrial products containing added sugars
Consume healthy proteins such as lean meat, fish, eggs, and low-fat dairy products
Keep the body hydrated by drinking enough water
12. Continuous monitoring and prevention of diabetes complications
Regular blood sugar control to prevent severe fluctuations
Perform periodic tests to check the health of the kidneys, eyes, and nerves
Pay attention to the health of the teeth and gums, as children with diabetes are at higher risk for oral infections
Ensure correct insulin injection and rotate injection sites to prevent skin complications
13. Overall conclusion
Managing diabetes in children requires cooperation between parents, doctors, and the child himself. Regular blood sugar control, healthy nutrition, proper insulin use, and appropriate physical activity can help reduce the risk of complications from diabetes.
If you experience any abnormal symptoms, such as a sudden increase in blood sugar, symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis, or behavioral changes, it is necessary to see a doctor immediately.
14. The role of schools and teachers in managing children’s diabetes
School is one of the most important environments where children spend a large part of their time.
Therefore, it is very essential for teachers and school staff to be aware of diabetes and how to deal with diabetic children.
Important tips for managing diabetes at school
Education of teachers and school staff: Teachers should have information about diabetes, how to check the symptoms of low and high blood sugar, and first aid in emergencies.
Access to a blood sugar meter: The child should be able to control his blood sugar level at school if necessary.
Consumption of appropriate snacks: The child should be allowed to consume appropriate snacks according to the schedule.
Awareness of the symptoms of low or high blood sugar: Teachers should be able to identify warning signs and take action if necessary.
Planning for sports activities: Sports teachers should note that children with diabetes need to carefully regulate the amount of physical activity and control blood sugar.
15. Diabetes and Child Growth
Uncontrolled diabetes may affect a child’s growth and development. Some of these effects include:
Slow growth: Continuously high blood sugar levels can interfere with a child’s normal growth.
Abnormal weight loss: If the body cannot use glucose properly, a child may lose weight.
Precocious puberty or delayed puberty: Changes in blood sugar levels can affect hormonal balance and the maturation process.
Therefore, regular visits to an endocrinologist are essential to monitor the child’s growth.
16. The future of children with diabetes
With scientific advances and new treatments, children with diabetes can live healthy and productive lives. It is very important to observe the following points to ensure a normal and problem-free life:
Adherence to the treatment plan and taking medications as prescribed by the doctor
Continuous awareness and education about diabetes and its control methods
Accepting diabetes as a part of life and avoiding unnecessary psychological stress
Support from family, friends and society to create a sense of security and peace in the child
17. Final conclusion
Although diabetes in children is a chronic disease, many of its complications can be prevented with proper management and awareness of parents, teachers and the child themselves.
Regular blood sugar control, healthy nutrition, regular exercise and proper use of insulin or other medications are the main keys to a healthy and normal life.
Also, being aware of the danger signs and taking timely action in emergency situations can prevent serious problems.
If you have any questions or concerns about managing diabetes in children, it is recommended to consult a specialist and receive detailed guidance.
18. The importance of psychological and social support in children with diabetes
Living with diabetes can be emotionally and socially challenging. Children with diabetes may feel different from their peers or experience anxiety and stress about managing their disease.
Support from family, friends, teachers, and the medical team plays an important role in their mental health.
Psychological support strategies for children with diabetes:
Boosting the child’s self-esteem: Encouraging the child to do daily tasks and creating a sense of independence in him can help reduce anxiety caused by the disease.
Avoiding feelings of guilt or shame: Parents should avoid blaming or making the child feel guilty about blood sugar fluctuations. Instead, it is better to use supportive and encouraging methods.
Connecting with other children with diabetes: Participating in support groups or diabetes-related events can help the child feel that he is not alone and that others are in the same situation as him.
Stress management training: Teaching relaxation techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga can help reduce your child’s stress.
19. Latest Treatments for Pediatric Diabetes
Recent advances in medical science have improved the quality of life for children with diabetes. Some of these innovations include:
Insulin pumps: A device that continuously injects insulin into the body, reducing the need for multiple injections.
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): Devices that continuously monitor blood sugar and provide more accurate information than manual measurements.
Development of smart insulins: Insulins that adjust the amount of insulin released according to blood sugar levels, reducing the likelihood of sudden drops or spikes in sugar.
Research on gene therapies: Some studies are investigating ways to completely cure type 1 diabetes through genetic modification and transplantation of insulin-producing cells.
20. Practical advice for parents of children with diabetes
Continuous learning: Being aware of diabetes and new ways to manage it helps parents provide the best care for their child.
Establish a regular daily routine: Having a consistent schedule for meals, exercise, and medication can help with better blood sugar control.
Encourage your child to express their feelings: Your child should feel like they can talk about their concerns about diabetes, and parents should create an open space for discussion.
Involve your child in managing diabetes: Depending on your child’s age and ability, involve them in the process of controlling their blood sugar and adjusting their diet to increase their responsibility.
21. Overall conclusion
Although diabetes in children is a challenging disease, it can be well controlled with proper management, a healthy lifestyle, and social support.
Parents and caregivers should be fully informed and prepare their child for a healthy and independent life.
By using new technologies, adhering to nutritional principles, continuously monitoring blood sugar, and receiving psychological support, children with diabetes can live happy and healthy lives without serious limitations.
22. The role of nutrition in controlling diabetes in children
A healthy diet is one of the main pillars of diabetes management in children. Proper nutrition helps control blood sugar, maintain a balanced weight, and prevent sudden fluctuations.
Nutritional principles for diabetic children:
. Balance carbohydrate intake:
Carbohydrates have a direct impact on blood sugar levels, so choosing healthy sources such as whole grains, vegetables, and low-sugar fruits is recommended.
. Adequate fiber intake:
Fiber helps control blood sugar levels and prevents sudden increases in blood sugar. Sources rich in fiber include vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fruits with skins.
. Avoid simple and processed sugars:
You should avoid sweets, sugary drinks, industrial cakes, and other foods with added sugar.
. Consume protein and healthy fats:
Proteins such as lean meat, fish, eggs and low-fat dairy products help stabilize blood sugar. Also, consuming healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts and avocados is recommended.
. Stay hydrated:
Drinking enough water is essential to prevent dehydration and help the kidneys function properly.
Example of a healthy diet plan for a diabetic child
Breakfast: Whole grain bread, low-fat cheese, one walnut and unsweetened tea
Snack: One apple with skin and a few almonds
Lunch: Brown rice, grilled chicken, vegetable salad with olive oil
Evening snack: Low-fat yogurt with sherbet seeds
Dinner: Vegetable soup with lean meat and whole grain bread
Before bed: A glass of low-fat, unsweetened milk
23. The importance of exercise in children with diabetes
Regular physical activity is essential for controlling blood sugar and improving the general health of diabetic children.
Benefits of exercise for diabetic children:
. Help control blood sugar by increasing the sensitivity of cells to insulin
. Maintain a balanced weight and prevent overweight or obesity
. Strengthen the cardiovascular system and reduce the risk of diabetes complications
. Reduce stress and improve mood
The best exercises for diabetic children:
Walking or light running
Cycling
Swimming
Yoga or stretching exercises
Team games such as football or basketball
Important note: The child’s blood sugar level should be checked before and after exercise to prevent sudden drops in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
It is also essential to carry a snack such as fruit or whole grain biscuits.
24. Regular blood sugar monitoring and prevention of diabetes complications
. Regular blood sugar measurement:
Continuous monitoring of blood sugar levels helps adjust insulin doses and prevent sudden drops or increases in sugar.
. Periodic medical checkups:
Children with diabetes should be under the care of an endocrinologist and have regular tests to check the health of their kidneys, eyes, nerves, and heart.
. Skin and foot care:
Diabetes can lead to skin problems and loss of sensation in the feet. It is essential to check your feet daily and use moisturizers to prevent dry skin.
. Maintaining oral and dental health:
Children with diabetes are more susceptible to gum infections and tooth decay, so it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene and regular visits to the dentist.
25. Conclusion
Diabetes in children is a manageable challenge that, with awareness, proper planning, and family support, can help children live healthy and productive lives.
Following a healthy diet, exercising regularly, taking medications carefully, and monitoring blood sugar levels are the most important strategies for preventing diabetes complications and maintaining a child’s quality of life.
. Control diabetes with awareness and help your child continue to grow and develop with energy and health.